### Invasive technology #### Deep Brain Stimulation ##### RNS (Responsive Neurostimulator) - Personalized DBS (world's first and only) - It is implanted on the head by making a hole in the skull - Has two leads that can be placed in any part of the brain - Can be programmed to stimulate with current when the implanted electrodes detect some abnormal activity (as determined by programming) - Has been successfully used in treating [epilepsy](https://n.neurology.org/content/95/9/e1244) and [depression](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01480-w.epdf?sharing_token=e7vp8LNugJ0nzaEghk-Y1dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OENVucj8CQ-y2bx9fgG_cpmA5jBhj9mcgksUMx_6MOW1TBy9peL61lbhu-0a4laqDbehn01a5tXJaXruwIp2G1OwJBGGsdKeA993eq83kmOoriEvspCXIruFywk6X9dZSiqyBid_zFqK3KY-Yshh9jWCFOSvDdYXOSBBgf9zdBki5fY4gcT9d5sd8M2amHq6A%3D&tracking_referrer=physicsworld.com) - Costs [$50k per device](https://www.fool.com/investing/2021/07/03/could-this-recently-ipoed-medical-device-maker-mak/) - Public company with shareholder presentation here: https://seekingalpha.com/article/4468125-neuropace-inc-2021-q3-results-earnings-call-presentation - https://www.neuropace.com/patients/neuropace-rns-system/ Visuals: https://twitter.com/paraschopra/status/1467745962714013703 Limitations (as per [this paper](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01480-w.epdf?sharing_token=e7vp8LNugJ0nzaEghk-Y1dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OENVucj8CQ-y2bx9fgG_cpmA5jBhj9mcgksUMx_6MOW1TBy9peL61lbhu-0a4laqDbehn01a5tXJaXruwIp2G1OwJBGGsdKeA993eq83kmOoriEvspCXIruFywk6X9dZSiqyBid_zFqK3KY-Yshh9jWCFOSvDdYXOSBBgf9zdBki5fY4gcT9d5sd8M2amHq6A%3D&tracking_referrer=physicsworld.com)) -Responds to only a few frequency bands that could be detected in a time window of a few seconds. Improvements - "New device capabilities that sense continuous neural activity and have the capability to integrate information on the timescale of minutes may improve our ability to incorporate more complex biomarkers into closed-loop control" ##### Blackrock - Commercializes Utah array, used in BrainGate project which holds current world record in thought controlled typing at 18 words per minute? - Has wireless version of Utah array - ##### Rippleneuro - Implantable electrodes for recording and stimulating parts of brain https://rippleneuro.com ##### Plexon - Optogenetic and electrophysiological devices for research https://plexon.com/ ##### NeuroNexus - Optogenetic and electrophysiological devices for research https://www.neuronexus.com/ #### Non-invasive technology